Determining what value a resistor is will depend on if it is a surface mount or through type. If it is a through hole type you should be able to determine its value based on the color of the rings on the body. And on surface mount resistors the resistance value should be printed on the resistor it self if it is a large enough for printing. And for most purposes the composition of the resistor will not matter unless you need a specific temperature coefficient. Check out this resistor calculator http://www.digikey.com/us/en/mkt/4-band-resistors.html
I will add, there are three main and one somewhat less important specifications you must pay attention to for resistors. Resistance Value, Power Rating (¼ Watt for example), Precision (1% or 5%, for example), and Temperature Coefficient (PPM/°C). Of course there is also the package and physical size. For small SMT resistors, you may have to unsolder it and measure the value with a multi-meter.